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"Bacteria" Article Items

Evolution of New Enzymes
The evolution of new enzymes by bacteria is discussed.

Posted on October 22, 2022 by

Categories: Intelligent Design, Science

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The evolution of new enzymes for the digestion of nylon and plastics has been used to support Darwinian evolution.  But is this the case, or do these new enzymes illustrate the limits of evolution? The Emergence of Nylon Nylon was first developed in the 1930s and used commercially in a nylon-bristled toothbrush in 1938.  The greatest use of nylon was in women’s stockings. This use was illustrated at the 1939 New York World’s Fair and sold commercially soon afterward.  Nylon stockings became an instant commercial success, with 64 million pairs sold the first year they became available.  Wartime use diverted… Read More »

Long Term Evolution Experiment

Posted on March 6, 2021 by

Categories: Biology, Science

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The long-term evolution experiment is one of the most exciting studies on the feasibility of evolution to produce complicated metabolic systems and new systems of information within cells. Evolution holds that mutations occur through natural processes which by chance, produce advantageous changes.  These changes enhance the organism’s ability to survive and thus over time, become dominant within the population. The problem with substantiating evolution is that these changes take considerable time to accumulate within a population and show a survival benefit. Since people reproduce every 25 years, the time required to see inherited beneficial mutations accumulates with a human population… Read More »

Irreducible Complexity
The evolution of new enzymes by bacteria is discussed.

Posted on February 1, 2021 by

Categories: Biology, Science

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Irreducible Complexity The theory of natural selection proposes that small changes over millions of years can gradually produce increasing amounts of complexity through the gradual accumulation of beneficial mutations. The incremental accumulation of beneficial mutations gradually producing increasingly complex structures or pathways.  Those mutations which are not beneficial will lessen the organism’s ability to survive and will be gradually bred out. The gradual accumulation of increasingly complex functionality might produce some beneficial changes over long time frames – theoretically. The atheist Richard Dawkins has attempted to provide computer evidence that evolution could spontaneously produce new information in a closed system…. Read More »

Spontaneous Generation
Biologist have known for decades that life cannot come for non-life.

Posted on May 19, 2020 by

Categories: Biology, Science

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Spontaneous generation is the belief that life can spring from dead material.  Belief in the spontaneous generation of life has been shared by many civilizations for thousands of years and took centuries to disprove.  It seems to be a common observational event that dead organic material can spontaneously sprout living things, like maggots and bacteria. Aristotle popularized the concept as noted in his fourth century BC work, History of Animals, With animals, some spring from parent animals according to their kind, whilst others grow spontaneously and not from kindred stock; and of these instances of spontaneous generation some come from putrefying… Read More »

Chemical Pathways
The chemical pathways for the production of DNA, RNA, proteins, and other life molecules is unknown.

Posted on December 8, 2019 by

Categories: Biology, Science

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Chemical pathways are the way a cell changes one chemical compound to another. Many times, these chemical pathways produce intermediate chemicals on the way to producing the final product. All life needs to take in nutrients from the environment in order to continue living. This might be everything from simple nutrients to eating another creature. The common problem with the digestion of nutrients is the chemistry involved. When a nutrient is ingested, often it has to be broken down into simpler nutrients which subsequently need to be reassembled into new tissue or used for energy. All of these processes take… Read More »

The Cambrian Explosion
The Cambrian Explosion produced fundamentally different new organisms with new cellular structure, anatomy, type of cell, among others. This "explosion" has not happened again.

Posted on December 7, 2019 by

Categories: Biology, Science

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  The Earth was without diverse animal life for about four billion years until the Cambrian Explosion occurred. In almost a moment in geological time, complex life exploded upon the Earth. It was during this time that first life did appear including simple bacterial one-celled organisms and a few more complex multicellular species all not large enough to leave a visible fossil record. The Cambrian explosion happened about 543 million years ago. All of the animal phyla either evolved or first appears at this time. No matter where we look on Earth, there is no skeleton fossil records older than… Read More »

Origin of Functional Proteins
The origin of functional proteins is difficult to understand using only chance.

Posted on December 3, 2019 by

Categories: Biology, Science

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The origin of functional proteins is a hot topic among the origin of life specialists. There are many speculations as to how functional proteins came to but none has provided much success so far. Amino acids link together in a chain called a “polypeptide” in a certain order. All amino acids in life proteins are made of the left-handed variety of proteins. The way in which only left-handed amino acids were included in life proteins is also under intense investigation. All amino acids except for the most simple variety, glycine, come in two basic varieties – a right-handed and a… Read More »

Origin of Life Molecules
Origin of life molecules can not be explained using natural science.

Posted on December 1, 2019 by

Categories: Biology, Science

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Origin of life molecules are those molecules that are required for even the simplest life.  They may form part of the structure of proteins (such as amino acids), or of DNA or RNA (such as the sugar ribose). The start of these origin of life molecules has never been explained. These molecules are formed in too low concentrations or not formed at all in natural conditions. Some origin of life molecules needs to be entirely of either the right or left-handed variety. One of the factors needed to make the molecular machinery work correctly is the right kind of molecules… Read More »

Extraterrestrial Life
Picture of Mars

Posted on May 30, 2019 by

Categories: Biology, Science

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Life will likely be discovered on some other solar system body, even though a naturalistic origin of life seems to be quite impossible. Life on earth has been very abundant Earth for about 3.8 billion years.  We have some form of life everywhere, down to the depths of the oceans, underneath ice caps, in deserts, and deep into the earth.  There is life from intense cold to near-boiling water near ocean vents. As said in Jurassic Park – life finds a way. When life does get discovered on another solar system object, such as Mars pictured above, there undoubtedly will… Read More »